Research Radartracking 11 published studies · 7 human · 9 clinical trials · 13 cancer pages · updated Jun 2026Open the Research Map →
Diet

Anti-inflammatory diet

Dietary patterns aimed at lowering chronic inflammation, studied in cancer.

Educational only. This page reports what published guidelines and studies describe. It is not medical advice and is not a claim that anti-inflammatory diet treats, prevents, or cures cancer. Decisions are yours and your care team's.

What the studies report: a cited, human-reviewed summary, kept current as the evidence changes and retracted findings are removed.

Reviewed Jun 2026 · OncoForge editorial · How we review →

Evidence at a glanceNo graded study evidence yet
144 source documents in the Anti-inflammatory diet corpus

last checked June 9, 2026

Key points

  • Overview: The section describes anti-inflammatory dietary patterns mainly with the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and related scores such as E-DII, EDIP, rEDIP, and AIDI. Most of the evidence comes from observational studies and meta-analyses in cancer risk, prognosis, mortality, or survivorship settings rather than intervention trials.

6 sections — tap any heading to expand its cited detail. Key points are above.

OverviewThe section describes anti-inflammatory dietary patterns mainly with the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and related scores such as E-DII, EDIP, rEDIP, and AIDI. Most of the evidence comes from observational studies and meta-analyses in cancer risk, prognosis, mortality, or survivorship settings rather than intervention trials.4 points
What studies reportStudies most often report that higher dietary inflammatory potential is associated with higher risk for several cancers, especially colorectal, breast, pancreatic, prostate, esophageal, gastric, liver, and lung cancers. A smaller number of studies examine survivorship, symptoms, or inflammatory markers, and several reviews note that evidence is still insufficient to identify a single anti-inflammatory diet pattern as best during cancer treatment.81 points
  • In prospective cohort studies, higher dietary inflammatory potential was associated with higher overall cancer risk, with a pooled relative risk of 1.19 for the highest versus lowest DII category, and each 1-unit increase in DII was associated with a 3% higher risk of overall cancer. [43]
  • In prospective cohort studies, higher dietary inflammatory potential was associated with higher colorectal cancer risk, with a pooled relative risk of 1.30 for the highest versus lowest DII category, and each 1-unit increase in DII was associated with a 3% higher risk of colorectal cancer. [43]
  • In a colorectal cancer meta-analysis, higher adherence to pro-inflammatory diet scores was associated with higher risk of colorectal cancer and site-specific colon cancers. [44]
  • In a randomized-trial meta-analysis of diets used during chemotherapy, one included study tested an anti-inflammatory diet, but the review concluded that there was insufficient evidence to determine which diet was most advantageous for chemotherapy toxicities or quality of life. [93]
  • In the liver cancer meta-analysis, the highest dietary inflammatory potential was associated with a higher liver cancer risk than the lowest dietary inflammatory potential, and each 1-unit increase in DII score was associated with a higher liver cancer risk. [46]
  • In the gastric cancer meta-analysis, the sources state that existing studies on dietary inflammatory indices and gastric cancer yielded inconsistent results. [47]
  • In the colorectal cancer meta-analysis, higher DII scores were associated with higher colorectal cancer risk in the pooled observational studies. [48]
  • In the urologic cancer meta-analysis, the authors state that the DII was positively associated with prostate, kidney, and bladder cancer risk in the earlier meta-analysis they cite, while their updated analysis found evidence that the inflammatory potential of diet remained relevant across urologic cancers. [49]
  • In a 2024 systematic review of nutritional interventions in adult cancer survivors, the anti-inflammatory diet was reported to significantly improve cognitive function, and the review reported no apparent safety concerns for the nutritional interventions it evaluated. [94]
  • In a 2023 meta-analysis of observational studies, higher DII/EDIP scores were associated with higher liver cancer risk. [29]
  • In a 2023 meta-analysis of observational studies, the dietary inflammatory index was associated with a higher risk of lung cancer. [50]
  • An umbrella review reported moderate-certainty evidence for a positive relation between DII and colorectal cancer risk. [51]
  • A 2022 meta-analysis reported that higher DII scores were associated with higher colorectal cancer risk. [52]
  • A 2022 meta-analysis reported a positive association between higher dietary inflammatory potential and ovarian cancer incidence. [53]
  • In bladder cancer studies, the anti-inflammatory dietary pattern literature included both Mediterranean-diet and DII analyses, and the reported findings were mixed. [54]
  • In an updated meta-analysis of observational studies, the highest DII category was associated with a 16% higher breast cancer risk compared with the lowest category, and the association was reported as notable in post-menopausal women, women with body mass index of at least 30 kg/m2, and study populations from developing countries. [55]
  • In an umbrella review of pancreatic cancer meta-analyses, the highest DII category was associated with increased pancreatic cancer risk compared with the lowest category, and each 1-unit increase in DII was associated with higher pancreatic cancer risk. [95][57]
  • In the oral cancer meta-analysis, the pooled odds ratio for oral cancer was higher for the highest DII category versus the lowest category, the pooled odds ratio was also higher for higher DII versus lower DII, and the dose-response relationship was reported as linear with no evidence of nonlinearity. [56]
  • In the randomized-trial review of inflammation markers, a Mediterranean diet was associated with statistically significant between-group differences in several interleukins, tumor necrosis factor alpha, C-reactive protein, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein compared with a control diet. [58]
  • In an umbrella review of observational meta-analyses, a more pro-inflammatory dietary pattern was associated with a higher overall risk of incident cancer, and Class II evidence was reported for higher risk of incident site-specific cancers including colorectal, pancreatic, respiratory, and oral cancers with increasing DII score. [59]
  • In a meta-analysis of 8 esophageal cancer studies, the highest DII category was associated with higher esophageal cancer risk than the lowest category. [5]
  • In a meta-analysis of upper aerodigestive tract cancers, the highest DII category was associated with higher risk overall and in the esophagus subgroup, and in the UADT meta-analysis the highest DII category was associated with higher risk in oral cavity and pharyngeal cancer subgroups, while the laryngeal cancer subgroup estimate was not statistically clear. [6][7]
  • In a meta-analysis of gynecological cancers, the highest DII category was associated with higher risk than the lowest category, and the dose-response analysis found a positive linear association, with a 5-unit increase in DII associated with higher risk. [8]
  • A 2018 meta-analysis of prospective studies reported that the most pro-inflammatory versus the most anti-inflammatory diets were associated with increased total cancer risk. [11]
  • A 2018 dose-response meta-analysis reported that higher DII was associated with higher overall cancer risk. [13]
  • A 2019 meta-analysis reported that the highest versus lowest DII categories were associated with increased breast cancer risk. [63]
  • A 2019 meta-analysis reported that the highest versus lowest DII categories were associated with increased prostate cancer risk. [10]
  • A 2018 meta-analysis of urologic cancers reported increased risk estimates for prostate cancer, kidney cancer, and bladder cancer with higher DII, while the urothelial cell carcinoma estimate was not statistically clear. [12]
  • In a 2018 meta-analysis, higher DII scores were associated with higher prostate cancer incidence in men, and higher DII scores were not significantly associated with breast cancer incidence overall in women. [96]
  • In subgroup analyses, higher DII scores were associated with higher breast cancer incidence in premenopausal women and in women with higher body mass index. [96]
  • In a 2017 meta-analysis, higher DII scores were associated with higher colorectal cancer risk, the association remained in prospective cohorts, and each 1-point increase in DII score was associated with a higher colorectal cancer risk. [16]
  • In a 2017 meta-analysis of cancer outcomes, higher DII scores were associated with higher overall cancer incidence, higher overall cancer odds in case-control studies, higher cancer mortality, and higher breast, colorectal, and lung cancer incidence when those cancer types were analyzed separately. [17]
  • In a systematic review of colorectal cancer studies, more proinflammatory diet scores were associated with a 12% to 65% higher colorectal cancer risk compared with more anti-inflammatory diets in studies using the DII, and higher Mediterranean Diet Score and Healthy Eating Index scores were also associated with lower colorectal cancer risk. [68]
  • In a randomized trial of DII-based dietary education in frail colorectal cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, the intervention was designed to lower dietary inflammatory potential and improve frailty, DII score, inflammation, and quality of life. [65]
  • In a randomized trial of anti-inflammatory dietary education in breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy, the intervention was designed to improve depressive symptoms, inflammatory biomarkers, and quality of life. [66]
  • In the post-AMI mixed-nuts analysis, adding 30 g/day of mixed nuts for 16 weeks did not significantly change inflammatory biomarkers or DII/E-DII scores compared with the control diet. [69]
  • In the multicultural healthy diet trial, the anti-inflammatory diet arm had lower DII and energy-adjusted DII scores at 9 months, but the primary cognitive outcome did not differ significantly from the comparison arm. [67]
  • In colorectal polyp studies, more anti-inflammatory or guideline-based dietary patterns were reported to be associated with lower odds of adenomas or advanced adenomas, while more pro-inflammatory patterns were reported to be associated with higher odds of adenomas and serrated lesions. [71]
  • In breast cancer studies summarized in the source, higher dietary inflammatory index scores were reported to be associated with higher breast cancer risk, and an anti-inflammatory diet after diagnosis was reported to be associated with lower breast cancer-specific mortality. [72]
  • In heart failure literature, dietary patterns with anti-inflammatory features were described as being associated with lower inflammatory biomarkers, and the review states that a Mediterranean diet was among the nutrition approaches discussed for reducing inflammation-related markers. [97]
  • In chronic kidney disease research, higher dietary inflammatory index scores were reported to be associated with higher incident CKD risk, and oily fish intake was reported to be inversely associated with CKD risk. [73]
  • In a 22-year Swedish cohort, higher AIDI scores were associated with a lower risk of overall bladder cancer and muscle-invasive bladder cancer, while no statistically significant association was reported for non–muscle invasive bladder cancer in the repeated-measures analysis. [32]
  • In a prospective cohort from high-risk areas of China, higher E-DII scores were associated with a higher incidence of upper gastrointestinal cancer, including esophageal cancer and gastric cancer. [31]
  • In women with breast cancer, higher DII and E-DII scores were associated with lower quality of life in cross-sectional analyses. [33]
  • In a randomized perioperative trial in patients with gastrointestinal tumors, a fish oil-enriched food for special medical purposes was not inferior to an oncology-specific enteral nutrition product for maintaining serum pre-albumin levels. [74]
  • In a Japanese prospective cohort of men, higher E-DII scores were associated with higher colorectal cancer incidence in age- and area-adjusted models, with an HR of 1.28 (95% CI 1.08-1.53) in the highest quintile versus the lowest quintile; in multivariable-adjusted models the association was weaker and did not reach statistical significance, with an HR of 1.20 (95% CI 0.99-1.46), and sensitivity analysis excluding colorectal cancer cases diagnosed within the first 3 years showed an HR of 1.28 (95% CI 1.04-1.57). [76]
  • In the Japanese cohort, higher E-DII scores were associated with higher colon cancer incidence, while no significant association was reported for rectal cancer incidence. [76]
  • In the UK Biobank depression cohort, greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet and HEFI-2019 was linked to lower all-cause mortality, and HEFI-2019 was also linked to lower cardiovascular mortality. [80]
  • In a 2026 cross-sectional study of 501 adults, the EDIP-SP was positively associated with plasma C-reactive protein, and the GDQS healthy-food submetric was inversely associated with C-reactive protein and positively associated with adiponectin; the same study reported no significant associations between dietary index scores and plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha. [34]
  • In a 2026 multicohort colorectal cancer analysis, the authors tested rEDIP and rEDIH against colorectal cancer risk in 909,282 participants from six cohorts. [35]
  • In a 2025 prostate cancer study, dietary protein, dietary tryptophan, and DII did not differ significantly across control, benign, and malignant groups. [36]
  • In a 2025 early-stage colorectal cancer study, the proportion of participants with an anti-inflammatory diet was lower in early-stage colorectal cancer patients than in controls, but the difference was not statistically significant. [37]
  • In a 2025 cancer survivorship analysis, DII was included as a covariate and as an exposure in models of all-cause mortality among cancer survivors. [38]
  • In a 2025 Polish study of older adults, higher dietary inflammatory potential was discussed as being associated in prior studies with lower skeletal muscle strength, mass, and higher sarcopenia risk, and the study was designed to assess whether E-DII is useful in evaluating systemic inflammatory status together with physical activity in older adults. [39]
  • In a large prospective cohort of adults aged 55 years and older, higher E-DII was associated with higher lung cancer incidence. [81]
  • In breast cancer patients receiving postoperative chemotherapy, higher E-DII was associated with sleep disturbance. [82]
  • In adult cancer survivors in NHANES, higher DII was associated with higher all-cause mortality and higher cardiovascular mortality, but not with cancer mortality, and the highest DII quartile was associated with higher cardiovascular mortality. [84]
  • In the skin cancer NHANES analysis, higher DII was positively associated with higher PhenoAge and with higher skin cancer risk. [85]
  • In the lung cancer mortality analysis, DII showed a stronger curvature with mortality from lung cancer, but the provided summary does not give a direction-specific estimate for DII alone. [86]
  • In a Korean prospective cohort, a higher E-DII was associated with higher all-cause mortality, cancer mortality, and cardiovascular mortality after multivariable adjustment, and the highest E-DII tertile was associated with higher all-cause mortality, cancer mortality, and cardiovascular mortality before additional adjustment for metabolic disorders. [87]
  • In a Chinese case-control study of gastric cancer, the CHINA-DII score was lower in controls than in cases, and vitamin C and vitamin D intakes were lower in cases than in controls. [89]
  • In an Iranian case-control study of endometrial cancer, higher dietary inflammatory scores were associated with higher endometrial cancer risk. [88]
  • In a Swedish cohort study of renal cell carcinoma, higher AIDI scores were associated with lower renal cell carcinoma risk in women, and the association between AIDI and renal cell carcinoma differed by sex, with a significant interaction reported. [40]
  • In a NHANES study of older U.S. adults, higher DII scores were associated with more chronic diseases overall, but cancer showed a different pattern with the first DII quartile having a higher cancer prevalence than the other quartiles. [41]
  • In a NHANES study of gynecological cancers, participants with gynecological cancer had higher DII levels than participants without gynecological cancer. [90]
  • In a study of postpartum depression, higher DII scores were associated with postpartum depression and CRP mediated part of the association. [98]
  • In a 2025 systematic review of patients receiving chemotherapy, an anti-inflammatory diet was among the dietary patterns that may reduce toxicities such as fatigue, diarrhea, insomnia, and nausea during chemotherapy, but the same systematic review concluded that there was insufficient evidence to identify a single dietary intervention as the most effective for reducing chemotherapy toxicities in patients undergoing chemotherapy. [99]
  • In a retrospective study of 126 colorectal cancer patients after surgery, a lower-DII group had higher 5-year overall survival than a higher-DII group, 5-year disease-free survival did not differ significantly between the low-DII and high-DII groups, and postoperative complications within 30 days were more common in the high-DII group than in the low-DII group. [19]
  • In a cross-sectional NHANES analysis, higher DII quartiles were associated with increased odds of melanoma in quartiles 2 and 3 compared with quartile 1, while quartile 4 was not significantly different, and there was no overall or non-linear significant association between DII and melanoma prevalence or non-melanoma skin cancer prevalence. [100]
  • In a review of MASLD, higher DII or EDIP scores were linked to MASLD risk and limited data suggested a possible link with advanced liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma risk, but the review said further confirmation was needed. [101]
  • In the older-adult cohort study, lower DII and higher MIND scores reduced the elevated cardiovascular mortality risk associated with obesity, but this modifying effect was not observed for other dietary patterns. [20]
  • In a rural Korean cross-sectional study of gastric precancerous lesions, DII was not significantly associated with atrophic gastritis or intestinal metaplasia in fully adjusted models. [22]
  • In a UK Biobank cohort study of lung cancer risk, the highest DII tertile was associated with a higher lung cancer risk than the lowest tertile in the fully adjusted model, the highest tertile of the fruits and vegetables dietary pattern score was associated with a lower lung cancer risk than the lowest tertile, and the highest tertile of the meat dietary pattern score was associated with a higher lung cancer risk than the lowest tertile. [24]
  • In a cohort of cancer survivors, the source text states that several studies have found higher DII scores associated with increased mortality among cancer survivors. [91]
  • In an Australian cohort, participants in the most pro-inflammatory diet group had higher all-cause mortality risk over follow-up, and a one-unit increase in DII score was associated with higher risk in some analyses. [25]
  • A 2024 review states that higher DII scores have been associated with increased risk of cancers, including pancreatic cancer, in prior studies, and the same review reports a meta-analysis finding a relative risk of 1.45 for pancreatic cancer in the highest DII category versus the lowest category and a dose-response meta-analysis finding an RR of 1.08 per 1-unit increase in DII score for pancreatic cancer. [26]
  • A 2024 NHANES study reported that higher DII tertiles were more common among participants with gastrointestinal cancers than among those without gastrointestinal cancers, and participants with gastrointestinal cancers had higher DII levels and lower DOBS levels than participants without gastrointestinal cancers. [102]
  • In a bladder cancer case-control study and NHANES analysis, higher DII scores were associated with higher bladder cancer risk in the highest quartile compared with the lowest quartile. [27]
  • In the Multiethnic Cohort study, after comprehensive adjustment, no statistically significant association was found between DII and bladder cancer risk in men, while the inverse association remained significant in women. [103]
  • In men with grade group 1 prostate cancer on active surveillance, baseline DII was not associated with grade reclassification. [104]
  • In a breast cancer survivorship review, the authors state that evidence from prospective trials on the effect of the Mediterranean diet on breast cancer survival is still lacking. [105]
Proposed mechanismsAnti-inflammatory diet scores and related indices are generally described as measures of dietary inflammatory potential, often based on biomarkers such as CRP, IL-6, TNF-α, and related cytokines. Across cancer types, chronic or low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune or metabolic pathways are proposed links between diet and cancer-related outcomes.11 points
  • Inflammatory diet scores are described as reflecting diet-related inflammatory potential through biomarkers such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and CRP. [1][2][4][5][8][7][39][19][29][49][106]
  • The DII is described as being based on dietary parameters or literature linked to inflammatory markers, including CRP, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, and IL-10. [49][29][4][5][8][7][17][16][19][106]
  • Chronic or low-grade inflammation is described as a proposed pathway linking diet and cancer risk or carcinogenesis. [2][3][48][10][12][13][14][17][16][81][82][83][84][85][86][40][106][90][87][107][18][24][91][30][31][32][76][75][36][37][38][39][108][102][92]
  • Inflammation is described as promoting cancer-related processes such as reactive oxygen species generation, DNA damage, reduced repair, mutations, altered regulatory pathways, angiogenesis, immune evasion, apoptosis changes, growth, dissemination, and tumor microenvironment formation. [2][3][29][81][108][40]
  • Inflammatory cytokines and pathways including IL-6, TNF-α, NF-κB, STAT3, COX-2, chemokines, nitric oxide, and oxygen radicals are described as part of these mechanisms. [29][81][108][87][22]
  • Several sources describe anti-inflammatory dietary patterns as emphasizing plant-based foods and healthy fats, including fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, fish, and antioxidant-rich foods, while limiting animal products, red and processed meat, non-whole/refined grains, fats, free sugars, and sodium. [65][66][68][79][80][23][105]
  • The Mediterranean dietary pattern is described as anti-inflammatory and the Western dietary pattern as proinflammatory. [49]
  • Dietary components in the DII framework are described as pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory, with examples including fiber, omega-3 fats, several vitamins and minerals, garlic, ginger, onion, turmeric, saffron, tea, saturated fatty acids, carbohydrates, protein, total fat, trans fat, cholesterol, iron, and vitamin B12. [21][25][26]
  • Some sources describe anti-inflammatory dietary patterns as being associated with lower inflammatory biomarkers, changes in gut microbiota, and pathways involving short-chain fatty acids and omega-3 fatty acids. [70][97][73][79][92]
  • Proposed mechanisms described in the sources include insulin resistance, adipose tissue dysfunction, gut microbiota alterations, oxidative stress, and associations with body mass index or metabolic conditions. [16][101][87][40][102]
  • Some cancer-specific reviews describe diet-related inflammation as a plausible mechanism, but one chemotherapy review concluded that no single best dietary mechanism was identified and that more research is needed. [93][24][91][34][35][36][37][38][39]
Practical considerationsAnti-inflammatory diet studies in cancer commonly use the dietary inflammatory index (DII) or related scores derived from food-frequency questionnaires, 24-hour recalls, or predefined food lists. Across studies, lower scores generally indicate more anti-inflammatory patterns, while higher scores indicate more pro-inflammatory patterns.27 points
  • The DII is described as a literature-derived index for assessing the inflammatory potential of diet, and some sources describe higher scores as indicating more pro-inflammatory diets. [72][107][18]
  • The DII/E-DII are calculated from food or nutrient intake using published inflammatory effect coefficients and global reference values, and some sources describe them as being scored against inflammatory biomarkers such as IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and CRP. [36][37][39][81][83][84][85][86]
  • The adapted DII is described as a modified version with 22 dietary components, and the E-DII is described as an energy-adjusted version using nutrient densities per 1,000 kcal. [1][30][39]
  • Several studies used food-frequency questionnaires to calculate DII or CHINA-DII, including studies that used validated questionnaires, a 78-item questionnaire, or a questionnaire based on northern Chinese dietary habits. [47][48][8][5][7][89][37]
  • The oral cancer meta-analysis reported that four of five included studies used an energy-adjusted DII. [56]
  • The GI cancer meta-analysis restricted its exposure definition to the DII and excluded other inflammatory diet indices to improve comparability across studies. [2]
  • The chemotherapy review included one study of an anti-inflammatory diet among 11 randomized trials across several diet types. [93]
  • The intervention studies used repeated hospital-based education sessions plus follow-up counseling by WeChat or telephone, and one colorectal cancer trial used 12 weeks of DII-based dietary education during chemotherapy while one breast cancer trial used 12 weeks of anti-inflammatory dietary education during adjuvant chemotherapy. [65][66]
  • The post-AMI study tested 30 g/day of mixed nuts for 16 weeks as an add-on to the Brazilian Cardioprotective Diet. [69]
  • The multicultural healthy diet trial assessed adherence with self-reported 24-hour food records. [67]
  • Sources describe anti-inflammatory dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean diet and diets rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, legumes, and fibre, while diets rich in red and processed meats and refined carbohydrates are described as less healthy or more pro-inflammatory. [71][92][105]
  • The source describes anti-inflammatory food components as vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and low fats, and pro-inflammatory foods as refined carbohydrates, sweetened soft drinks, red and processed meats, and fried foods. [7][10][40]
  • In the Swedish cohort, the AIDI was composed of 16 food groups (11 anti-inflammatory and 5 pro-inflammatory) and was used to score dietary patterns. [32][40]
  • The AIDI anti-inflammatory food groups listed in the source include fruits and vegetables, tea, coffee, wholegrain bread, breakfast cereal, low-fat cheese, olive and canola oil, chocolate, nuts, red wine, and beer. [40]
  • The prostate cancer study calculated DII from 34 nutrients available in the dietary program and noted that some flavonoids and trans fats could not be quantified in that analysis. [36]
  • The early-stage colorectal cancer study defined an anti-inflammatory diet as DII score < 0; the provided lung cancer cohort source reports DII tertiles but does not state a cutoff of DII < 0 versus ≥ 0. [37][24]
  • The gastric precancerous lesion study calculated DII from selected nutrients and food items available in its Korean dietary database and defined negative DII values as anti-inflammatory. [22]
  • The CHINA-DII was developed using the same general calculation procedure as the original DII and was based on a Chinese adult dietary intake database. [107][89]
  • The gastric cancer study used a 78-item food frequency questionnaire and categorized participants into low and high CHINA-DII groups based on the median score in controls. [89]
  • The kidney cancer study used the DII as one of four dietary pattern scores and analyzed it in quartiles. [18]
  • The DII can be calculated from dietary intake data using a weighted scoring algorithm based on published associations between foods or nutrients and inflammatory biomarkers, and one source states that a validated R package, dietaryindex, can calculate the DII from common dietary datasets including NHANES, ASA24, DHQ3, and the Block Food Frequency Questionnaire. [25][109]
  • The dietaryindex paper reports full accuracy in validation of its generic functions with 2-decimal rounding precision. [109]
  • One review notes that DII scores can be calculated from between 22 and 36 food parameters in the literature, and the Australian cohort used 31 available parameters. [25]
  • The bladder cancer review reports that the DII was calculated from both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory nutrient parameters, including fiber, folic acid, vitamins A, B1, B2, B6, C, D, E, magnesium, zinc, and selenium as anti-inflammatory parameters. [27]
  • The prostate cancer meta-analysis describes anti-inflammatory food components as whole grains, fish, green vegetables, and fruits. [10]
  • The esophageal cancer meta-analysis states that the DII has been used to assess dietary inflammation and to guide interventions to reduce esophageal cancer risk. [3]
  • The liver cancer meta-analysis states that avoiding ultra-processed foods may reduce liver cancer risk, but this statement is presented as the authors' conclusion rather than as a tested intervention result. [46]
Safety & interactionsThe sources do not report clear safety concerns or direct treatment interactions for anti-inflammatory diets in cancer populations. Where adverse events or limitations are described, they are generally study-specific or relate to broader dietary interventions rather than the anti-inflammatory diet pattern itself.17 points
  • The survivorship review reported no apparent safety concerns for nutritional interventions, including dietary patterns, in adult cancer survivors. [94]
  • The UADT meta-analysis notes that all included studies were case-control studies and that recall bias, selection bias, and reverse causation bias are limitations. [7]
  • The post-AMI mixed-nuts analysis found no significant improvement in inflammatory biomarkers or dietary inflammatory potential over 16 weeks. [69]
  • In the perioperative gastrointestinal tumor trial, the most common treatment-emergent adverse events were gastrointestinal disorders, including abdominal distension, diarrhea, and nausea. [74]
  • The trial reported comparable safety between the fish oil-enriched product and the comparator enteral nutrition product. [74]
  • The breast cancer study was cross-sectional and therefore did not allow causal inference. [33]
  • The breast cancer study excluded patients receiving targeted therapy or radiotherapy and those using sleep aids, anxiolytics, antidepressants, antibiotics, or other medications that affect immunity in the prior three weeks. [82]
  • The lung cancer cohort analysis excluded participants with implausible energy intake, prior cancer, or missing baseline or dietary questionnaire data. [81]
  • The diabetes mortality study excluded participants with missing age at diabetes diagnosis, incomplete dietary assessment, or implausible energy intake. [83]
  • The cancer-survivor NHANES study excluded participants with missing mortality data and other confounders. [84]
  • The prostate cancer study adjusted for treatment at diagnosis, including surgery, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, when analyzing dietary indices and mortality. [42]
  • The empirical anti-inflammatory diet index study adjusted for NSAID use, statin use, cortisone use, and antibiotic use in the previous year when analyzing inflammatory biomarkers. [106]
  • The gastric precancerous lesion study adjusted its analyses for H. pylori infection, and it reported that H. pylori infection was associated with a higher risk of intestinal metaplasia. [22]
  • The maternal pregnancy study reported no significant associations between maternal energy-adjusted DII and inflammatory biomarkers in maternal serum or cord blood at birth. [110]
  • The sources note that nuts and seeds are energy-dense foods and could contribute to weight gain if consumed excessively. [92]
  • The sources note that phytate in plant-based foods can inhibit the absorption of minerals such as zinc and iron. [92]
  • The breast cancer survivorship review notes that the evidence base it examined included studies with heterogeneity in design, interventions, and quality-of-life tools, and that some studies had limitations such as possible selection bias and lack of treatment data. [105]
What we don't know yetWhat we do not know yet is whether anti-inflammatory dietary patterns have consistent cancer-related associations across cancer types, settings, and study designs. The evidence base is largely observational, often heterogeneous or inconsistent, and many reviews call for more rigorous prospective or interventional research.49 points
  • The GI cancer meta-analysis says the relationship between dietary inflammatory potential and GI cancer risk remains an emerging issue despite multiple prior reviews. [2]
  • The chemotherapy review states that there is insufficient evidence to determine which dietary intervention is most advantageous during chemotherapy. [93]
  • The gastric cancer meta-analysis says the findings remain inconclusive. [47]
  • The urologic cancer meta-analysis says evidence on diet and urologic cancer is still scarce and generally inconsistent in the latest World Cancer Research Fund report it cites. [49]
  • The colorectal cancer meta-analysis says dose-response analysis could not be conducted for colorectal adenoma because of insufficient data. [48]
  • The breast cancer meta-analysis reported substantial heterogeneity overall, with I2 = 62.8%, and stronger subgroup associations in some populations. [55]
  • The pancreatic cancer dose-response meta-analysis reported high heterogeneity for the per-unit DII analysis and a nonlinear result in addition to a linear trend. [57]
  • The randomized-trial review concluded that further research using consistent RCT protocols is required to relate anti-inflammatory diets, inflammation markers, and clinically relevant outcomes. [58]
  • The umbrella review states that most outcomes presented Class III (Suggestive) or lower evidence. [59]
  • The breast cancer meta-analysis reports substantial heterogeneity across included studies and says more work is needed on breast cancer subtypes. [60]
  • The prostate cancer meta-analysis says further well-designed prospective trials with larger sample sizes are needed to validate its findings. [61]
  • The gastric cancer meta-analysis notes that higher inflammatory diet pattern consumption might increase gastric cancer risk, but it does not establish causation. [62]
  • The esophageal cancer meta-analysis reports substantial heterogeneity across studies. [5]
  • The UADT meta-analysis reports heterogeneity overall and says the laryngeal cancer subgroup estimate needs further investigation. [7]
  • The gynecological cancer meta-analysis found stronger associations in case-control studies than in cohort studies, and the authors reported significant heterogeneity across studies. [8]
  • The colorectal cancer review recommends future studies in more diverse populations and with consistent DII scoring calculations. [68]
  • The colorectal cancer trial background says research on dietary intervention for frailty in cancer patients is still in its infancy. [65]
  • The breast cancer trial background says no clinical trials had previously examined anti-inflammatory dietary intervention for depressive symptoms in breast cancer patients. [66]
  • For cancer-related outcomes, the sources repeatedly note heterogeneity, inconsistent findings, and the need for more rigorous studies on inflammatory dietary patterns. [71][72]
  • The breast cancer study states that longitudinal and interventional studies are needed to clarify directionality and clinical impact. [33]
  • The review notes that the DII can be complicated to compute and that this has limited direct translation into clinical practice and public health settings. [30]
  • The bladder cancer study states that no large prospective study had previously evaluated anti-inflammatory dietary patterns by bladder cancer stage. [32]
  • The 2026 biomarker review concluded that EDIP-SP and DII explained plasma inflammatory biomarkers more consistently than GDQS, but it also reported no substantial differences in model fit among the dietary indices except for C-reactive protein. [34]
  • The 2026 colorectal cancer harmonization study was designed to test whether low-insulinemic and anti-inflammatory dietary patterns are associated with reduced colorectal cancer risk across multicontinental cohorts. [35]
  • The prostate cancer review states that the relationship between DII and prostate cancer prognosis remains unclear. [36]
  • The survivorship review states that the impact of SII and nutritional status on prognosis in cancer survivors remains insufficiently explored. [38]
  • The lung cancer source states that previous cohort studies on DII and lung cancer risk reported inconsistent results. [81]
  • The diabetes mortality source states that the association between DII and cancer mortality in people with diabetes was not significant in the reported analysis. [83]
  • The skin cancer source states that the relationship between diet-induced inflammation- and oxidation-promoting potential and skin cancer risk remains unclear. [85]
  • The cancer-survivor source states that evidence on DII and cause-specific mortality in cancer survivors is limited and inconclusive. [84]
  • The breast cancer source states that research on dietary inflammatory potential and sleep disturbance among breast cancer patients is limited. [82]
  • The gastric cancer study reports an association between CHINA-DII and gastric cancer risk, but it does not by itself show causation. [89]
  • The sources note that evidence for dietary inflammatory indices in some cancer settings remains inconsistent. [88]
  • The renal cell carcinoma review says the overall evidence linking diet and renal cell carcinoma remains inconclusive. [40]
  • The renal cell carcinoma review says more diverse populations, longer follow-up, and studies of total dietary patterns are needed. [40]
  • These NHANES-based studies analyze associations in survey data and report prevalence or odds; the gynecological cancer paper also notes the need for larger prospective cohort studies. [41][90]
  • The MASLD review says that inconsistencies remain about the influence of body mass index on the association between dietary inflammatory potential and MASLD risk. [101]
  • The MASLD review also says that limited data suggest a possible link between higher dietary inflammatory potential and advanced liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, but that more research is needed. [101]
  • The chemotherapy systematic review says that more research is needed to identify the most beneficial dietary pattern for patients undergoing chemotherapy. [99]
  • The colorectal cancer surgery study is retrospective and included 126 patients, so its findings are presented as observational results rather than randomized evidence. [19]
  • The NHANES skin cancer study reported a non-linear pattern for melanoma odds across DII quartiles, with quartiles 2 and 3 significant and quartile 4 not significant. [100]
  • The prediabetes study was designed to examine associations between DII and inflammatory biomarkers in women with prediabetes, not cancer outcomes. [21]
  • The gastric precancerous lesion study reported that no epidemiological study had specifically examined DII and gastric precancerous lesions with H. pylori interaction before that study. [22]
  • The scoping review states that DII applications are often modified from the original version and that heterogeneity and suboptimal reporting limit reproducibility and comparability of results. [111]
  • The cancer survivor cohort study states that no study had examined the potential interaction between dietary inflammation and dietary quality in relation to mortality before that analysis. [91]
  • The bladder cancer review states that findings on dietary inflammatory potential and bladder cancer have been inconsistent across studies. [27]
  • The Multiethnic Cohort study reports that the inverse association between higher-quality diets and bladder cancer was confined to women, while men did not show a significant association after full adjustment. [103]
  • The prostate cancer active-surveillance study found that dietary inflammatory potential was not associated with grade reclassification. [104]
  • The breast cancer survivorship review states that prospective trial data on Mediterranean diet and breast cancer survival are still lacking. [105]

Sources

Every statement above is drawn from these reviewed sources. This page reports what they describe. Sources last checked June 9, 2026.

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  2. Systematic reviewDietary inflammatory index and risk of major digestive tract cancers: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis · 2026
  3. Meta-analysisDietary inflammatory index and the risk of esophageal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis · 2025
  4. Systematic reviewDietary Inflammatory Index and Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Observational Studies · 2021
  5. Meta-analysisMeta-analysis of the relationship between Dietary Inflammatory Index and esophageal cancer risk · 2020
  6. Meta-analysisAssociation between dietary inflammatory index and upper aerodigestive tract cancer risk: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis · 2020
  7. Meta-analysisMeta-analysis of the association between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and upper aerodigestive tract cancer risk · 2020
  8. Meta-analysisDietary inflammatory index and risk of gynecological cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies · 2019
  9. Meta-analysisDietary inflammatory index and all-cause mortality in large cohorts: The SUN and PREDIMED studies · 2019
  10. Meta-analysisAssociation between Dietary Inflammatory Index and the Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Meta-Analysis · 2019
  11. Meta-analysisAssociation between the dietary inflammatory index and the incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies · 2018
  12. Meta-analysisMeta-analysis of the association between the inflammatory potential of diet and urologic cancer risk · 2018
  13. Meta-analysisDose-response relation between dietary inflammatory index and human cancer risk: evidence from 44 epidemiologic studies involving 1,082,092 participants · 2018
  14. Meta-analysisDietary Inflammatory Index and Site-Specific Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response  Meta-Analysis · 2018
  15. Meta-analysisInflammatory potential of diet and risk of cardiovascular disease or mortality: A meta-analysis · 2017
  16. Meta-analysisDietary Inflammatory Index and Colorectal Cancer Risk-A Meta-Analysis · 2017
  17. Meta-analysisMeta-analysis of the association between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and cancer outcomes · 2017
  18. Review articleDietary patterns, polygenic risk, and kidney cancer incidence: a UK Biobank cohort study · 2025
  19. Review articleEffect of Preoperative Inflammatory Diet on Clinical and Oncologic Outcomes Following Colorectal Cancer Surgery · 2025
  20. Review articleDietary patterns modify the association between body mass index and mortality in older adults · 2025
  21. Review articleAssociation of dietary inflammatory index with serum asprosin and omentin levels in women with prediabetes · 2025
  22. Review articleDietary Inflammatory Index and the Risk of Gastric Precancerous Lesions Among Korean Adults in a Rural Area · 2025
  23. Review articleClimate Change, Racism, and Food Insecurity: Cyclical Impacts of Stressors Exacerbate Health Disparities · 2025
  24. Review articleA cohort study on the association of dietary inflammatory index and a posteriori dietary patterns with lung cancer risk · 2025
  25. Review articleInflammatory potential of diet and mortality in Australian adults · 2024
  26. Review articlePro-Inflammatory Food, Gut Microbiota, and Cardiovascular and Pancreatic Diseases · 2024
  27. Review articleAssociation of Pro-Inflammatory Diet, Smoking, and Alcohol Consumption with Bladder Cancer: Evidence from Case-Control and NHANES Studies from 1999 to 2020 · 2024
  28. Review articleThe Relationship of Certain Diseases and Dietary Inflammatory Index in Older Adults: A Narrative Review · 2024
  29. Meta-analysisAssociation between pro-inflammatory diet and liver cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis · 2023
  30. Review articleFrom nutrient-based to food-based assessment: the evolution of inflammatory indices and their significance for metabolic syndrome and type 3 diabetes mellitus · 2026
  31. Review articleImpact of a pro-inflammatory diet on upper gastrointestinal cancer risk: evidence from a population-based cohort in high-risk areas of China · 2026
  32. Review articleAnti-inflammatory Diet Index and Bladder Cancer Risk by Stage: A 22-Year Prospective Swedish Cohort Study (1998-2020) · 2026
  33. Review articleDietary inflammatory index and quality of life in patients with breast cancer: a cross-sectional study · 2026
  34. Review articleDietary inflammatory potential estimated by three metrics and their association with systemic low-grade inflammation in younger and older adults · 2026
  35. Review articleInsulinemic and inflammatory dietary patterns and colorectal cancer risk: a dietary data harmonization study of one million participants in the Consortium of Metabolomics Studies (COMETS) · 2026
  36. Review articleSerum neopterin and kynurenine as predictive and prognostic biomarkers in prostate cancer: the role of dietary inflammatory index and biomarker interactions · 2025
  37. Review articleLifestyle can exert a significant impact on the development of metabolic comorbidities in early-stage colorectal cancer patients · 2025
  38. Review articleThe joint role of systemic immune-inflammation index and geriatric nutritional risk index in cancer survivors and their impact on all-cause mortality · 2025
  39. Review articleAssociation between dietary inflammatory index and sarcopenia development in Polish population · 2025
  40. Review articleAnti-Inflammatory Diet Index and risk of renal cell carcinoma · 2025
  41. Review articleRelationship between dietary inflammatory index and chronic diseases in older U.S. Adults: NHANES 1999-2018 · 2025
  42. Review articleRace and Ethnicity, Lifestyle, Diet, and Survival in Patients With Prostate Cancer · 2025
  43. Meta-analysisDose-response association of dietary inflammatory potential with risk of cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies · 2026
  44. Meta-analysisThe association between dietary inflammatory potential and risk of total and site-specific colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies · 2025
  45. Systematic reviewAssociations Between Dietary Factors and Breast Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review of Evidence from the MENA Region · 2025
  46. Meta-analysisAssociation Between Dietary Inflammatory Potential and Liver Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis · 2025
  47. Meta-analysisAssociation between priori and posteriori dietary patterns and gastric cancer risk: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies · 2025
  48. Meta-analysisDietary inflammatory index and the risk of colorectal adenomas and cancer: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis · 2025
  49. Meta-analysisThe Association between Dietary Inflammatory Potential and Urologic Cancers: A Meta-analysis · 2024
  50. Meta-analysisDietary Patterns and Risk of Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Observational Studies · 2023
  51. Systematic reviewDietary inflammatory index and the risk of non-communicable chronic disease and mortality: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies · 2023
  52. Meta-analysisMeta-Analysis of the Association between Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and Colorectal Cancer · 2022
  53. Meta-analysisDietary Inflammatory Index and Ovarian Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis · 2022
  54. Meta-analysisDietary patterns and risk of bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis · 2022
  55. Meta-analysisDietary inflammatory index and breast cancer risk: an updated meta-analysis of observational studies · 2022
  56. Systematic reviewAssociation between dietary inflammatory index and oral cancer risk: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis · 2022
  57. Meta-analysisDietary inflammatory index and pancreatic cancer risk: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis · 2021
  58. Systematic reviewEffect of anti-inflammatory diets on inflammation markers in adult human populations: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials · 2022
  59. Systematic reviewThe Dietary Inflammatory Index and Human Health: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses of Observational Studies · 2021
  60. Meta-analysisStrong association between the dietary inflammatory index(DII) and breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis · 2021
  61. Meta-analysisDietary inflammatory index and the risk of prostate cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis · 2020
  62. Meta-analysisIndex-based dietary patterns in relation to gastric cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis · 2020
  63. Meta-analysisMeta-analysis of the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and breast cancer risk · 2019
  64. Meta-analysisAlternative Healthy Eating Index 2010, Dietary Inflammatory Index and risk of mortality: results from the Whitehall II cohort study and meta-analysis of previous Dietary Inflammatory Index and mortality studies · 2017
  65. Randomized trialEffects of 12-Week Dietary Inflammatory Index-Based Dietary Education on Frailty Status in Frail Patients with Colorectal Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Trial · 2025
  66. Randomized trialEffects of 12-Week Anti-Inflammatory Dietary Education on Depressive Symptoms Among Depressed Patients with Breast Cancer Undergoing Adjuvant Chemotherapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial · 2025
  67. Randomized trialThe effects of the Multicultural Healthy Diet on cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease risk: a phase II randomized controlled trial in middle-aged adults · 2025
  68. Systematic reviewIndex-based dietary patterns and colorectal cancer risk: a systematic review · 2015
  69. Randomized trialSupplementation with mixed nuts does not improve inflammatory biomarkers or dietary inflammatory potential in post-myocardial infarction: a secondary analysis of the DICA-NUTS trial · 2026
  70. Review articleHow pro-inflammatory diets influence perioperative outcomes · 2026
  71. Review articleA review of dietary patterns and the colorectal polyp-to-carcinoma sequence: polyp occurrence, polyp recurrence, and colorectal cancer · 2026
  72. Review articleThe association between the Dietary Inflammatory Index and breast cancer risk: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis · 2026
  73. Review articleDietary Inflammatory Potential and CKD Risk: Exploring the Mediation Effects of Circulating Proteins and Metabolites · 2026
  74. Review articleDietary inflammatory index and unfavorable dietary patterns associated with ischemic stroke in China · 2026
  75. Review articleDevelopment of a questionnaire-based Dietary Inflammatory Index assessment for clinical implementation · 2026
  76. Review articleDietary Inflammatory Index and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Japanese Men · 2026
  77. Review articleMetal exposures and their interactions with the dietary inflammatory index on inflammatory biomarkers in Mexican adolescents · 2026
  78. Review articleA J-shaped relationship between Dietary Inflammatory Index and frailty risk among middle and old aged US cancer survivors · 2026
  79. Review articleAssociation of Anti-Inflammatory Dietary Adherence With Biomarkers and Gut Microbiota Related to Colorectal Cancer Risk: A Retrospective Study · 2026
  80. Review articleAssociations of six dietary patterns with all-cause and cause-specific mortality among individuals with depression in the UK biobank: a prospective cohort study · 2026
  81. Review articleThe association between energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (E-DII) and lung cancer in 101,755 participants aged 55 years and above: a large prospective cohort · 2025
  82. Review articleThe Potential Mediating Role of Inflammation on the Association Between Dietary Inflammatory Index and Sleep Disturbance Among Breast Cancer Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study · 2025
  83. Review articleDiabetes duration-specific association of dietary inflammatory index with the risk of mortality among individuals with diabetes · 2025
  84. Review articleAssociation of dietary inflammatory index, composite dietary antioxidant index and risk of death among adult cancer survivors: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2018 · 2025
  85. Review articleAssociation Between Dietary Inflammatory and Oxidative Balance Scores and Skin Cancer Risk: The Mediating Role of Accelerated Phenotypic Aging · 2025
  86. Review articleJoint analysis of diet quality, inflammatory potential of diet and ultra-processed food exposure in relation to chronic respiratory diseases and lung cancer mortality · 2025
  87. Review articleAssociation of dietary inflammatory index with mortality risk: a prospective analysis of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey · 2025
  88. Review articleInflammatory Potential of Diet Scores and the Risk of Endometrial Cancer: A Case-Control Study · 2025
  89. Review articleAssociation between the Chinese Dietary Inflammatory Index and risk of gastric cancer: a case-control study in Southeastern China · 2025
  90. Review articleAssociation of dietary inflammatory index with gynecological cancers in NHANES 2011-2018 · 2025
  91. Review articleDose-response relationships of dietary quality with mortality stratified by dietary inflammation and their joint associations among cancer survivors: a population-based cohort study · 2025
  92. Review articleOverview of anti-inflammatory diets and their promising effects on non-communicable diseases · 2024
  93. Meta-analysisDiet as an Adjunct Therapy in Reducing Chemotherapy Toxicities and Improving Patients Quality of Life: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis · 2025
  94. Systematic reviewEffects of nutritional interventions on cognitive function in adult cancer survivors: A systematic review · 2024
  95. Systematic reviewDiets, Dietary Patterns, Single Foods and Pancreatic Cancer Risk: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses · 2022
  96. Meta-analysisAssociations between dietary inflammatory index and incidence of breast and prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis · 2018
  97. Review articleMechanisms of Cardiac Inflammation in Heart Failure: Role of Dietary Patterns, Nutrients, and Therapeutic Strategies · 2026
  98. Review articleAssociation between dietary inflammatory index and the risk of postpartum depression in China · 2025
  99. Review articleEvaluating the role of dietary interventions in reducing chemotherapy toxicities in cancer patients: a systematic review · 2025
  100. Review articleExploring the association between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and different types of skin cancer: a cross-sectional study from NHANES 1999-2018 · 2025
  101. Review articleDietary inflammatory potential and metabolic (dysfunction)-associated steatotic liver disease and its complications: A comprehensive review · 2025
  102. Review articleAssociation of dietary inflammatory index and dietary oxidative balance score with gastrointestinal cancers in NHANES 2005-2018 · 2024
  103. Review articleDiet Quality and Risk of Bladder Cancer in the Multiethnic Cohort Study · 2024
  104. Review articleDiet Quality, Dietary Inflammatory Potential, and Risk of Prostate Cancer Grade Reclassification · 2024
  105. Review articleThe Impact of Dietary Unsaturated Fat or the Mediterranean Diet on Women Diagnosed With Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review · 2024
  106. Review articleDevelopment of empirical anti-inflammatory diet index: a cross-sectional study · 2025
  107. Review articleDevelopment and Validation of the China Dietary Inflammatory Index (CHINA-DII) · 2025
  108. Review articleInflammation and cancer: friend or foe? · 2024
  109. Review articleDietaryindex: a user-friendly and versatile R package for standardizing dietary pattern analysis in epidemiological and clinical studies · 2024
  110. Review articleMaternal Dietary Inflammatory Index and Biomarkers of Inflammation at Birth · 2025
  111. Review articleScoping Review of Dietary Quality Indices: Heterogeneity of Definitions and Health Associations among Adults · 2025

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